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SOMATIC RESEARCH not only on the number of articles published, but the number of times an article is cited. The number of citations increases as the access increases.8 Peer-reviewers perform refereeing services for free as well. The peer- review process is the mechanism used to uphold scholarly standards, the other primary purpose of journals. Volunteerism as a peer-reviewer is an expectation in academic society, with a reward system even further removed. Rather, the reviewer must be content knowing that their input contributes to the overall body of knowledge of a profession, ensuring that the rigors of science are applied, due diligence is practiced when advancing a theory or hypothesis forward, and the accomplishments of the past are acknowledged, verified, and built upon. Second, most scientific journal articles are based on research funded by taxpayers.9 Research can have broader impact when shared openly, creating great potential for public benefit in fields such as medicine. This logic stimulated recent policy changes at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in support of the OA initiative.10 HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENT Separate initiatives emerged around the globe in the 1990s, but it wasn't until the Open Society Institute convened a conference in Budapest in December 2001, that an organized, international effort ensued for OA. Conference participants represented many points of view, many academic disciplines, and many nations. They explored how the separate initiatives could work together to achieve broader, deeper, and faster success.11 The dialogue resulted in the Budapest Open Access Initiative: a statement of principle, strategy, and commitment.12 The opening paragraph of the Budapest Open Access Initiative is inspiring: Several North American institutions Research can have broader impact when shared openly, creating great potential for public benefit. "An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good. The old tradition is the willingness of scientists and scholars to publish the fruits of their research in scholarly journals without payment, for the sake of inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is the Internet. The public good they make possible is the worldwide electronic distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds. Removing access barriers to this literature will accelerate research, enrich education, share the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with the rich, make this literature as useful as it can be, and lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a common intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge."13 Two simple strategies were proposed: encourage authors to retain copyright and make their work available on websites, and in archives and repositories; and inspire a new generation of online, OA journals. made significant contributions early in the OA movement in an attempt to move these strategies forward. SPARC was launched in 1997 to educate stakeholders about the problems facing scholarly communication, to support new OA journals and drive down the costs of high-priced journals, and to disseminate legal guidelines to enable authors to negotiate with publishers for copyright retention. SPARC currently boasts 300 organizations from North America, Asia, Australia, and Europe. The Public Knowledge Project (PKP), founded by John Willinsky, professor at University of British Columbia, was launched in 1998. Together with faculty at Simon Fraser University and Stanford University, PKP created and launched software systems offering publishing support to large and small community-based and commercial organizations alike to publish open access journals. The launch of Open Journal Systems (OJS) by PKP in 2002 was a landmark event for the OA movement.14 Standing on the shoulders of the early activists, other US institutions have propelled the movement forward. In May 2005, the NIH passed a Public Access Policy to ensure that the public has access to the published results of NIH-funded research— research costing the taxpayers $28 billion annually. With the intent to advance science and improve human health, the policy requires that peer- reviewed versions of the research it funds be deposited at its archive, PubMed Central, within 12 months of publication, beginning in 2008.15 Soon after, Harvard University faculty voted to grant the university a worldwide, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to distribute its scholarly articles, and specifically to make the article available to the public in an OA repository. Harvard was not the first to require OA regardless of the demands of publishing companies (except in cases of patents and limited proprietary earn CE hours at your convenience: abmp's online education center, www.abmp.com 119